THE CURE AND PREVENTION OF THE DEADLIEST WOMEN DISEASE-- BREAST CANCER

Breast Cancer: Treatments and Prevention.

 

Breast cancer usually starts off in the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply them with milk. A malignant tumor can spread to other parts of the body. A breast cancer that started off in the lobules is known as lobular carcinoma, while one that developed from the ducts is called ductal carcinoma.
The vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in females. This article focuses on breast cancer in women. We also have an article about male breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide. It accounts for 16% of all female cancers and 22.9% of invasive cancers in women. 18.2% of all cancer deaths worldwide, including both males and females, are from breast cancer.
Breast cancer rates are much higher in developed nations compared to developing ones. There are several reasons for this, with possibly life-expectancy being one of the key factors - breast cancer is more common in elderly women; women in the richest countries live much longer than those in the poorest nations. The different lifestyles and eating habits of females in rich and poor countries are also contributory factors, experts believe.
According to the National Cancer Institute, 232,340 female breast cancers and 2,240 male breast cancers are reported in the USA each year, as well as about 39,620 deaths caused by the disease.

Causes of breast cancer

Experts are not definitively sure what causes breast cancer. It is hard to say why one person develops the disease while another does not. We know that some risk factors can impact on a woman's likelihood of developing breast cancer. These are:

1) Getting older

The older a woman gets, the higher is her risk of developing breast cancer; age is a risk factor. Over 80% of all female breast cancers occur among women aged 50+ years (after the menopause).

2) Genetics

Women who have a close relative who has/had breast or ovarian cancer are more likely to develop breast cancer. If two close family members develop the disease, it does not necessarily mean they shared the genes that make them more vulnerable, because breast cancer is a relatively common cancer.
The majority of breast cancers are not hereditary.
Women who carry the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a considerably higher risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. These genes can be inherited. TP53, another gene, is also linked to greater breast cancer risk.

3) A history of breast cancer

Women who have had breast cancer, even non-invasive cancer, are more likely to develop the disease again, compared to women who have no history of the disease.

4) Having had certain types of breast lumps

Women who have had some types of benign (non-cancerous) breast lumps are more likely to develop cancer later on. Examples include atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ.

5) Dense breast tissue

Women with more dense breast tissue have a greater chance of developing breast cancer.

6) Estrogen exposure

Women who started having periods earlier or entered menopause later than usual have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This is because their bodies have been exposed to estrogen for longer. Estrogen exposure begins when periods start, and drops dramatically during the menopause.

7) Obesity

Post-menopausal obese and overweight women may have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Experts say that there are higher levels of estrogen in obese menopausal women, which may be the cause of the higher risk.

8) Height

Taller-than-average women have a slightly greater likelihood of developing breast cancer than shorter-than-average women. Experts are not sure why.

9) Alcohol consumption

The more alcohol a woman regularly drinks, the higher her risk of developing breast cancer is. The Mayo Clinic says that if a woman wants to drink, she should not exceed one alcoholic beverage per day.

10) Radiation exposure

Undergoing X-rays and CT scans may raise a woman's risk of developing breast cancer slightly. Scientists at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center found that women who had been treated with radiation to the chest for a childhood cancer have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.

11) HRT (hormone replacement therapy)

Both forms, combined and estrogen-only HRT therapies may increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer slightly. Combined HRT causes a higher risk.

12) Certain jobs

French researchers found that women who worked at night prior to a first pregnancy had a higher risk of eventually developing breast cancer.
Canadian researchers found that certain jobs, especially those that bring the human body into contact with possible carcinogens and endocrine disruptors are linked to a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include bar/gambling, automotive plastics manufacturing, metal-working, food canning and agriculture. They reported their findings in the November 2012 issue of Environmental Health.

Cosmetic implants may undermine breast cancer survival

Women who have cosmetic breast implants and develop breast cancer may have a higher risk of dying prematurely form the disease compared to other females, researchers from Canada reported in the BMJ (British Medical Journal) (May 2013 issue).
The team looked at twelve peer-reviewed articles on observational studies which had been carried out in Europe, the USA and Canada.
Experts had long-wondered whether cosmetic breast implants might make it harder to spot malignancy at an early stage, because they produce shadows on mammograms.
In this latest study, the authors found that a woman with a cosmetic breast implant has a 25% higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer when the disease has already advanced, compared to those with no implants.
Women with cosmetic breast implants who are diagnosed with breast cancer have a 38% higher risk of death from the disease, compared to other patients diagnosed with the same disease who have no implants, the researchers wrote.
After warning that there were some limitations in the twelve studies they looked at, the authors concluded "Further investigations are warranted into the long term effects of cosmetic breast implants on the detection and prognosis of breast cancer, adjusting for potential cofounders."

Diagnosing breast cancer

Women are usually diagnosed with breast cancer after a routine breast cancer screening, or after detecting certain signs and symptoms and seeing their doctor about them.

If a woman detects any of the breast cancer signs and symptoms described above, she should speak to her doctor immediately. The doctor, often a primary care physician (general practitioner, GP) initially, will carry out a physical exam, and then refer the patient to a specialist if he/she thinks further assessment is needed.
Below are examples of diagnostic tests and procedures for breast cancer:

1) Breast exam

The physician will check both the patient's breasts, looking out for lumps and other possible abnormalities, such as inverted nipples, nipple discharge, or change in breast shape. The patient will be asked to sit/stand with her arms in different positions, such as above her head and by her sides.

2) X-ray (mammogram)

Commonly used for breast cancer screening. If anything unusual is found, the doctor may order a diagnostic mammogram.

Breast cancer screening has become a controversial subject over the last few years. Experts, professional bodies, and patient groups cannot currently agree on when mammography screening should start and how often it should occur. Some say routine screening should start when the woman is 40 years old, others insist on 50 as the best age, and a few believe that only high-risk groups should have routine screening.
In July, 2012, The American Medical Association said that women should be eligible for screening mammography from the age of 40, and it should be covered by insurance.
In a Special Report in The Lancet (October 30th, 2012 issue), a panel of experts explained that breast cancer screening reduces the risk of death from the disease. However, they added that it also creates more cases of false-positive results, where women end up having unnecessary biopsies and harmless tumors are surgically removed.
In another study, carried out by scientists at the The Dartmouth Institute for Healthy Policy & Clinical Practice in Lebanon, N.H., and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (November 2012 issue), researchers found that mammograms do not reduce breast cancer death rates.

3) 2D combined with 3D mammograms

3D mammograms, when used in collaboration with regular 2D mammograms were found to reduce the incidence of false positives, researchers from the University of Sydney's School of Public Health, Australia, reported in The Lancet Oncology.
The researchers screened 7,292 adult females, average age 58 years. Their initial screening was done using 2D mammograms, and then they underwent a combination of 2D and 3D mammograms.
Professor Nehmat Houssami and team found 59 cancers in 57 patients. 66% of the cancers were detected in both 2D and combined 2D/3D screenings. However, 33% of them were only detected using the 2D plus 3D combination.
The team also found that 2D plus 3D combination screenings were linked to a much lower number of false positives. When using just 2D screenings there were 141 false positives, compared to 73 using the 2D plus 3D combination.
Prof. Houssami said "Although controversial, mammography screening is the only population-level early detection strategy that has been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality in randomized trials. Irrespective of which side of the mammography screening debate one supports, efforts should be made to investigate methods that enhance the quality of, and hence potential benefit from, mammography screening.
We have shown that integrated 2D and 3D mammography in population breast-cancer screening increases detection of breast cancer and can reduce false-positive recalls depending on the recall strategy. Our results do not warrant an immediate change to breast-screening practice, instead, they show the urgent need for randomised controlled trials of integrated 2D and 3D versus 2D mammography."

4) Breast ultrasound

This type of scan may help doctors decide whether a lump or abnormality is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst.

5) Biopsy

A sample of tissue from an apparent abnormality, such as a lump, is surgically removed and sent to the lab for analysis. It the cells are found to be cancerous, the lab will also determine what type of breast cancer it is, and the grade of cancer (aggressiveness). Scientists from the Technical University of Munich found that for an accurate diagnosis, multiple tumor sites need to be taken.

6) Breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan

A dye is injected into the patient. This type of scan helps the doctor determine the extent of the cancer. Researchers from the University of California in San Francisco found that MRI provides a useful indication of a breast tumor's response to pre-surgical chemotherapy much earlier than possible through clinical examination.

Treatments for breast cancer

A multidisciplinary team will be involved in a breast cancer patient's treatment. The team may consists of an oncologist, radiologist, specialist cancer surgeon, specialist nurse, pathologist, radiologist, radiographer, and reconstructive surgeon. Sometimes the team may also include an occupational therapist, psychologist, dietitian, and physical therapist.

The team will take into account several factors when deciding on the best treatment for the patient, including:

• The type of breast cancer
• The stage and grade of the breast cancer - how large the tumor is, whether or not it has spread, and if so how far
• Whether or not the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones
• The patient's overall health
• The age of the patient (has she been through the menopause?)
• The patient's own preferences.

The main breast cancer treatment options may include:

• Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)
• Surgery
• Biological therapy (targeted drug therapy)
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy.

Surgery

• Lumpectomy - surgically removing the tumor and a small margin of healthy tissue around it. In breast cancer, this is often called breast-sparing surgery. This type of surgery may be recommended if the tumor is small and the surgeon believes it will be easy to separate from the tissue around it.
• Mastectomy - surgically removing the breast. Simple mastectomy involves removing the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, nipple, areola, and some skin. Radical mastectomy means also removing muscle of the chest wall and the lymph nodes in the armpit.
• Sentinel node biopsy - one lymph node is surgically removed. If the breast cancer has reached a lymph node it can spread further through the lymphatic system into other parts of the body.
• Axillary lymph node dissection - if the sentinel node was found to have cancer cells, the surgeon may recommend removing several nymph nodes in the armpit.
• Breast reconstruction surgery - a series of surgical procedures aimed at recreating a breast so that it looks as much as possible like the other breast. This procedure may be carried out at the same time as a mastectomy. The surgeon may use a breast implant, or tissue from another part of the patient's body.

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

Controlled doses of radiation are targeted at the tumor to destroy the cancer cells. Usually, radiotherapy is used after surgery, as well as chemotherapy to kill off any cancer cells that may still be around. Typically, radiation therapy occurs about one month after surgery or chemotherapy. Each session lasts a few minutes; the patient may require three to five sessions per week for three to six weeks.
The type of breast cancer the woman has will decide what type of radiation therapy she may have to undergo. In some cases, radiotherapy is not needed.
Radiation therapy types include:

• Breast radiation therapy - after a lumpectomy, radiation is administered to the remaining breast tissue
• Chest wall radiation therapy - this is applied after a mastectomy
• Breast boost - a high-dose of radiation therapy is applied to where the tumor was surgically removed. The appearance of the breast may be altered, especially if the patient's breasts are large.
• Lymph nodes radiation therapy - the radiation is aimed at the axilla (armpit) and surrounding area to destroy cancer cells that have reached the lymph nodes
• Breast brachytherapy - scientists at UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center revealed that patients with early-stage breast cancer in the milk ducts which has not spread, seem to benefit from undergoing breast brachytherapy with a strut-based applicator. This 5-day treatment is given to patients after they have undergone lumpectomy surgery. The researchers found that women who received strut-based breast brachytherapy had lower recurrence rates, as well as fewer and less severe side effects.

Side effects of radiation therapy may include fatigue, lymphedema, darkening of the breast skin, and irritation of the breast skin.

Chemotherapy

Medications are used to kill the cancer cells - these are called cytotoxic drugs. The oncologist may recommend chemotherapy if there is a high risk of cancer recurrence, or the cancer spreading elsewhere in the body. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy.

If the tumors are large, chemotherapy may be administered before surgery. The aim is to shrink the tumor, making its removal easier. This is called neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy may also be administered if the cancer has metastasized - spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy is also useful in reducing some of the symptoms caused by cancer.
Chemotherapy may help stop estrogen production. Estrogen can encourage the growth of some breast cancers.
Side effects of chemotherapy may include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, sore mouth, hair loss, and a slightly higher susceptibility to infections. Many of these side effects can be controlled with medications the doctor can prescribe. Women over 40 may enter early menopause.
You can learn more about chemotherapy in this article.
Protecting female fertility - Scientists have designed a way of aggressively attacking cancer with an arsenic-based chemo medication, which is much gentler on the ovaries. The researchers, from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, believe their novel method will help protect the fertility of female patients undergoing cancer treatment.

Hormone therapy (hormone blocking therapy)

Hormone therapy is used for breast cancers that are sensitive to hormones. These types of cancer are often referred to as ER positive (estrogen receptor positive) and PR positive (progesterone receptor positive) cancers. The aim is to prevent cancer recurrence. Hormone blocking therapy is usually used after surgery, but may sometimes be used beforehand to shrink the tumor.
If for health reasons, the patient cannot undergo surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, hormone therapy may be the only treatment she receives.
Hormone therapy will have no effect on cancers that are not sensitive to hormones.
Hormone therapy usually lasts up to five years after surgery.
The following hormone therapy medications may be used:

• Tamoxifen - prevents estrogen from binding to ER-positive cancer cells. Side effects may include changes in periods, hot flashes, weight gain, headaches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and aching joints.
• Aromatase inhibitors - this type of medication may be offered to women who have been through the menopause. It blocks aromatase. Aromatase helps estrogen production after the menopause. Before the menopause, a woman's ovaries produce estrogen. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include letrozole, exemestane, and anastrozole. Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, skin rashes, headaches, bone pain, aching joints, loss of libido, sweats, and hot flashes.
Ovarian ablation or suppression - pre-menopausal women produce estrogen in their ovaries. Ovarian ablation or suppression stop the ovaries from producing estrogen. Ablation is done either through surgery or radiation therapy - the woman's ovaries will never work again, and she will enter the menopause early.

A luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa) drug called Goserelin will suppress the ovaries. The patient's periods will stop during treatment, but will start again when she stops taking Goserelin. Women of menopausal age (about 50 years) will probably never start having periods again. Side effects may include mood changes, sleeping problems, sweats, and hot flashes.

Biological treatment (targeted drugs)

• Trastuzumab (Herceptin) - this monoclonal antibody targets and destroys cancer cells that are HER2-positive. Some breast cancer cells produce large amounts of HER2 (growth factor receptor 2); Herceptin targets this protein. Possible side effects may include skin rashes, headaches, and/or heart damage.
• Lapatinib (Tykerb) - this drug targets the HER2 protein. It is also used for the treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer. Tykerb is used on patients who did not respond well to Herceptin. Side effects include painful hands, painful feet, skin rashes, mouth sores, extreme tiredness, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea.
• Bevacizumab (Avastin) - stops the cancer cells from attracting new blood vessels, effectively causing the tumor to be starved of nutrients and oxygen. Side effects may include congestive heart failure, hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney damage, heart damage, blood clots, headaches, mouth sores. Although not approved by the FDA for this use, doctors may prescribe it "off-label". Using this drug for breast cancer is controversial. In 2011, the FDA said that Avastin is neither effective nor safe for breast cancer.
• Low dose aspirin - research carried out on laboratory mice and test tubes has suggested that regular low-dose aspirin may halt the growth and spread of breast cancer. Cancer campaigners cautioned that although the current results show great promise, this research is at a very early stage and has yet to be shown to be effective on humans.
• Preventing breast cancer
• Some lifestyle changes can help significantly reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer.
  
• Alcohol consumption - women who drink in moderation, or do not drink alcohol at all, are less likely to develop breast cancer compared to those who drink large amounts regularly. Moderation means no more than one alcoholic drink per day.
• Physical exercise - exercising five days a week has been shown to reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health in Chapel Hill reported that physical activity can lower breast cancer risk, whether it be either mild or intense, or before/after menopause. However, considerable weight gain may negate these benefits.
• Diet - some experts say that women who follow a healthy, well-balanced diet may reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. A study published in BMJ (June 2013 issue) found that women who regularly consumed fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had a 14% lower risk of developing breast cancer, compared to other women. The authors, from Zhejiang University, China, explained that a "regular consumer" should be eating at least 1 or 2 portions of oily fish per week (tuna, salmon, sardines, etc).
• Postmenopausal hormone therapy - limiting hormone therapy may help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. It is important for the patient to discuss the pros and cons thoroughly with her doctor.
• Bodyweight - women who have a healthy bodyweight have a considerably lower chance of developing breast cancer compared to obese and overweight females.
• Women at high risk of breast cancer - the doctor may recommend estrogen-blocking drugs, including tamoxifen and raloxifene. Tamoxifen may raise the risk of uterine cancer. Preventive surgery is a possible option for women at very high risk.
• Breast cancer screening - patients should discuss with their doctor when to start breast cancer screening exams and tests.
• Breastfeeding - women who breastfeed run a lower risk of developing breast cancer compared to other women. A team of researchers from the University of Granada in Spain reported in the Journal of Clinical Nursing that breastfeeding for at least six months reduces the risk of early breast cancer. This only applies to non-smoking women, the team added. They found that mothers who breastfed for six months or more, if they developed breast cancer, did so on average ten years later than other women.

GENUINE WAY TO DETERMINIG THE SEX OF YOUR BABY

You men out there are the sole parties responsible for passing on the genetic codes to determine if a child is male or female. It is a simple fact of biology: the Xx combination of sperm and egg create a female; the Xy are male. All eggs are X. Sperm can be either X or Y. So don't blame us for the child's sex; it's really up to you. Now I'm going to explain in very simplistic terms the ways you can actually turn the odds in favor of your choice of girls or boys.
Now remember - conception takes place in the fallopian tube with the first sperm to reach and penetrate the surface of the egg. Thus conception is the result of a race amongst millions of little swimming sperm to reach the single available egg. (A small percentage women ovulate on both sides simultaneously and have a higher propensity to create fraternal twins).
There are two kinds of sperm: the androsperm or male-genetic-code-carrying version and the genosperm or female. For simplicity let's call the boys Andys and the girls Gennys. Determining the sex of your child has to do with taking advantage of the unique characteristics of each. Here are those we can easily manipulate:

• Andys are smaller and swim faster. But like the hare versus the turtle, Andys don't swim as far and don't last very long. Consider them the sprinters.
• The Gennys are larger and slower. They can last up to 36 hours in some vaginal environments. Call them the long-distance runners.
• Men tend to increase the ratio of Andys to Gennys in the "load" when there has been an extended period of abstinence. This has been shown over the years where the first generation of children after men have been away at war have a higher portion of males than the long-term average. Also certain cultures who only engage in sexual intercourse once a month at the expected time of fertility have very high proportions of males (60+ percent),
• Gennys favor more acidic environments. Andys like basic.

What to do? There are five things to remember:

• Penetration - The closer the point at which the "load" (the ejaculate) is delivered to the egg the more likely a sprinter (an Andy) will win the race. So guys, to make boys, stick it all the way in when you reach climax.
• Timing - If the load is delivered before the egg is available the Andys will die off and the Gennys will be there waiting. Ovulation usually takes place around the 14th day of the cycle (measured by as day one being the start of the menstrual period). Intercourse on the 12th or 13th day will favor Gennys because there will be no egg to fertilize for a day or two. To make boys, make an appointment on the 14th day. If you really want to be specific get a thermometer and wait until her temperature rises slightly.
• Viscocity - Vaginal liquids are relatively thick and present an impediment to the Gennys. Andys swim right through these thick liquids. To make boys, make her real happy (several times) prior to delivering the load. Even you "jack-rabbit" 60-second climaxers can make boys if you properly prepare your woman's love canal with some oral or other stimulation. So take your time. (If you must cheat use a little sterile lubricant like K-Y.)
• Abstinence - If you do it every day you'll probably make a girl as the "Andy/Genny" ratio in the ejaculate will decline. So save it up a little if you want a boy.
• Acid/base - To make girls use the acid-containing douches (vinegar). For boys use baking soda.

If you follow these steps, a study from the mid-70's determined that you will have an 85% chance of getting what you want. 
CALL THE COUNSELOR FOR FREE TO ADVICE YOU---+2348086006666

DANGERS AND RISKS INVOLVE IN THE USE OF MISOPROSTOL, APIOL AND STEEL 1&2, MENSTROGEN ETC. AS ABORTION DRUGS

APIOL AND STEEL

The apiol is an organic chemical compound, a phenylpropanoid extracted from the seeds and leaves of parsley (Petrosileum hortense).
Even in the ancient Greece, Hippocrates knew that parsley had abortive effects. Plants containing apiol were also used by women in the Middle Ages to terminate pregnancies. When in 1849 was held in Paris a prize in chemistry for the best substance to replace quininein, two doctors presented the apiol. Coincidentally, some patients, sicked with malaria and treated with apiol, suffered of amenorrhea. It was thus discovered that, among the side effects, apiol regularizes menstruation: it was discovered a new emmenagogue. The apiol began to be sold by many pharmaceutical companies under different names (Ergapiol, Apergol, Salutol) without prescription. The widespread was impressive, probably one half of volontary abortions was due to the use of this substance. We can find a lot of medical publication in which apiol’s toxicity is underlined.
“There is no justification for the prolonged use and availability of such preparations. Apiol’s preparations have no legitimate use of importance in therapeutic and the danger associated with their employment, especially the haphazard and unrestricted dosages of attempts at abortion, have provoked legislation making such preparation available for sale on prescription only.” 

 ("Apiol Poisoning,1958")

Eventually it was retired from trade during the 60’.
Nowadays, the apiol is the forerunner of the most important chemical abortive.

The liberalization of abortion laws and new researches give woman the legal justification to perform abortion, new methodics more safe. Even though the use of plants to induce abortion is still a significant concern in many part of the world. The purpose of this report is to describe abortive effects of the apiol and to enhance awareness and understanding of their toxicity.

Abortive effects
The circumstances surrounding an induced abortion involve complex, legal, ethical, and social aspects. For the toxicologist, complexity is increased by two main problems. First, the patient usually denies the ingestion of any abortive substances,and secondary, standard medical training does not provide the pharmacological information to treat patient.
Apiol increases the tone and strength of miometral contraction, reduces the tone of vessels and causes necrosis of placental tissue. This chemical abortive is a not cruent method that allows to avoid perforation and infection, but is very poisonous.

The lowest dose of apiol that seems to be necessary to induce abortion is 0.9 g taken for 8 consecutive days.

Toxic effects
In the past there have been numerous cases of severe poisoning, often fatal, due to the empirical practice to use concentrated decoction of parsey seeds and / or leaves to induce abortion.
The toxic dose is difficult to define, because it depends on the mode of preparation and on the association with other substances that can enhance the toxicity of the product. But the facts that patient ingest an exceedingly large dose of the drug in a short period of time may help to enhance the severity of the symptoms.
1.He reacts with cell membrane dissolving the latter;
2.Patients show a bleeding tendency associated to trombocytopenia and an anemia partly due to blood loss and partly on a hemolytic basis.

3.Ematuria

4.Fatty liver and necrosis

5.Demielinization of peripheral nerves. All the cases reported would tend to show that the process is limitated to the peripheral nerves and there is no involvement of the SNC.

Symptoms
In relation to the mode of intoxication (abortion attempt), most of the subjects reach hospital at a distance of 12-24 hours or more after ingestion of the toxin.The symptoms are: nausea,vomiting, abdominal distress and diarrhea particularly in the early stages, a state of shock, massive hematuria, metroraggia, cutaneous petechiae and other signs of severe coagulation’s alteration. Frequently is observed hyperthermia and rapid progression to coma associated with brain damage. This syndrome has usually a rapid progression and ends with a fatal outcome. In the case of survival, the resolution of the coma and liver damage and kidney is slow.

MISOPROSTOL

What is misoprostol (Cytotec)?

Misoprostol reduces stomach acid and replaces protective substances in the stomach that are inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin.
Misoprostol is used to prevent the formation of ulcers in the stomach during treatment with aspirin or an NSAID such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, others), ketoprofen (Orudis, Orudis KT, Oruvail), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve, Anaprox, Naprelan), oxaprozin (Daypro), indomethacin (Indocin), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam), etodolac (Lodine), piroxicam (Feldene), meloxicam (Mobic), tolmetin (Tolectin), nabumetone (Relafen), and fenoprofen (Nalfon). NSAIDs and aspirin are used to treat pain, fever, arthritis, and inflammatory conditions.
 Misoprostol may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

What are the possible side effects of misoprostol (Cytotec)?

Stop taking misoprostol and seek emergency medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives).
Misoprostol may cause mild to moderate diarrhea, stomach cramps, and/or nausea. These problems usually occur during the first few weeks of treatment and stop after about a week. The occurrence of diarrhea may be minimized by taking misoprostol with food. Contact your doctor if these symptoms persist for longer than 8 days or if they are severe.
Other, less serious side effects may also occur. Continue to take misoprostol and talk to your doctor if you experience

• vomiting;
• flatulence;
• constipation;
• headache; or
• menstrual cramps, spotting, or increased or irregular menstruation.

Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.

What is the most important information I should know about misoprostol (Cytotec)?

Do not take misoprostol for the prevention of stomach ulcers if you are pregnant or if you might become pregnant during treatment. If you do become pregnant during treatment with misoprostol, stop taking the medication and contact your doctor immediately. Misoprostol is in the FDA pregnancy category X. This means that misoprostol is known to be harmful to an unborn baby. Misoprostol can cause miscarriage or spontaneous abortion (sometimes incomplete which could lead to dangerous bleeding and require hospitalization and surgery), premature birth, or birth defects. Misoprostol has also been reported to cause uterine rupture (tearing) when given after the eighth week of pregnancy, which can result in severe bleeding, hysterectomy, and/or maternal or fetal death. A pregnancy test with negative results will be required within 2 weeks of starting treatment with misoprostol, and treatment will begin only on the second or third day of a regular menstrual cycle. Also, appropriate contraception will be needed to prevent pregnancy during treatment and for one menstrual cycle following treatment. In some cases, misoprostol may be used under the supervision of a doctor for the induction of labor and delivery or abortion.
Do not share this medication with anyone else. Misoprostol has been prescribed for your specific condition, may not be the correct treatment for another person, and would be dangerous if the other person were pregnant.
SIMPLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CONCERNING THIS DRUGS 
1-  can menstrogen taken 2-weeks after pregnancy be effective in preventing pregnancy
ANSWER-=

Hello, The menstrogen injection is a combination of progestogen and oestrogen, which providers of the medicine claim will only be effective if the woman is not pregnant but will not affect the foetus of a woman who is pregnant. If taken 2 weeks after intercourse then it will not help in preventing pregnancy. It is very difficult to precisely confirm a diagnosis without examination and investigations and the answer is based on the medical information provided. For exact diagnosis, you are requested to consult your doctor. I sincerely hope that helps. Take care and please do keep me posted on how you are doing.

THANKS ALOT FOR THE COMMENT.GLAD MY BABY IS SAFE. TAKE CARE

2-What side effect will six (6) tablets of menstrogen have on a four (4) weeks pregnancy

ANSWER--This medicine contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone an used to induce periods. This medicine does not cause abortion but it will further strengthen pregnancy. If you arebrying to abort see a doctor

3- if one takes menstrogen and her menstral period refuses to show,what could be the cause?

ANSWER-

please ,which tablet can abort 3 weeks pregnancy? i need it urgent...but can prostolum 2 be effective for aborting pregnancy?

Menstrogen can not abort three months pregnant bcos it only work for 24 or 72 hour after having unprotected sex

DANGERS AND COMPLICATIONS INVOLVE IN D&C ( DILATION CURETTAGE)

 DANGERS AND COMPLICATIONS INVOLVE IN D&C ( DILATION CURETTAGE)



A dilation and curettage is also called a “D & C” or “D and C.” It’s a minor surgery that involves dilating or opening the cervix. The cervix is the opening to your uterus or womb. After dilating your cervix, your doctor uses a spoon-shaped object called a curette to remove tissue from the inner lining of your uterus.
The procedure occurs in a doctor’s office, a women’s health clinic, a day surgery center, or a hospital.

There are many reasons that a doctor might order this procedure. The most common reasons are:

• to determine the reason for heavy bleeding during or between your menstrual periods
• to remove non-cancerous tumors, or fibroids
• to remove and examine potentially cancerous tumors
• to remove infected tissue, which is often caused by a sexually transmitted disease called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• to remove tissue left behind in the womb after miscarriage or childbirth
• to perform an elective abortion
• to remove an intrauterine device (IUD), which is a form of birth control

 Dilation curettage is usually very safe, and complications are rare. However, there are risks. These include:

• Perforation of the uterus. Perforation of the uterus occurs when a surgical instrument pokes a hole in the uterus. This happens more often in women who were recently pregnant and in women who have gone through menopause.
  Most perforations heal on their own. However, if a blood vessel or other organ is damaged, a second procedure may be necessary to repair it.
  
• Damage to the cervix. If the cervix is torn during the D&C, your doctor can apply pressure or medicine to stop the bleeding, or can close the wound with stitches (sutures).
• Scar tissue on the uterine wall. Rarely, a D&C results in development of scar tissue in the uterus, a condition known as Asherman's syndrome. Asherman's syndrome happens most often when the D&C is done after a miscarriage or delivery.
  This can lead to abnormal, absent or painful menstrual cycles, future miscarriages and infertility.
  
• Infection. Infection after a D&C is possible, but rare.

Contact your doctor if you experience any of the following after a D&C:

• Bleeding that's heavy enough that you need to change pads every hour
• Fever
• Cramps lasting more than 48 hours
• Pain that gets worse instead of better
• Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina

20 MEDICAL AND HERBAL REMEDIES FOR MENSTRUAL PAIN

MENSTRUAL PAIN (DYSMENORRHEA)

Menstrual pain is one of the only symptom that comes up as regularly as the monthly bills … and they have to be tolerated like an unwelcome guest!

Menstruation is often painful at the end of adolescence and the years preceding menopause, because these are the periods of hormonal fluctuations.

Fortunately, menstrual cramps are usually quite mild. However as per a research estimate more than 60% of women experience very intolerable cramps during some of these cycles in the first four years of puberty or before menopause.

Causes of menstrual pain: Woman’s body produces prostaglandin a hormone which help the uterus to contract and get rid of mucous. The uterus must contract to generate the menstrual flow, and these contractions result in experience of pain.

Generally the intensity of cramps is directly related to the amount of prostaglandin produced by the body, However in certain cases, other factors like endometriosis, might be responsible for these cramps.

Endometriosis is the development of normal tissue of the uterus, outside its usual location. Endometriosis really increases the pain of menstrual cramps,

Another instance of unusual menstrual pain occurs when uterus tries to remove blood clots caused by fibroids.

Side effects of menstrual pain: In most cases, dysmenorrhea has no consequence other than the inconvenience of pain. However in case of intense, repeated and unrelieved menstrual pain, it can cause psychological distress, and sometimes even depression.

Remedies

Although it is impossible to completely eliminate cramps, there are many ways to relieve pain.

I) Exercise: Relaxation exercises are effective remedy for menstrual pain.

Walking is effective in reducing menstrual pain because it improves blood circulation in the pelvic area. Swimming is also very effective in reducing menstrual pain as it releases endorphins – the body’s natural painkiller which is effective home remedy for menstrual pain.

Another effective light exercise for menstrual cramps is as follow:

Lie on the back on the floor or a bed, knees bent, feet flat on the floor or on the bed and stretch out your arms to the side, palms flat. Swing your stomach slightly up and down for several minutes, by relaxing the muscles. By making these small movements, taking quick, short breaths one can get relief from menstrual pain.

II) Fomentation or Hot Sitz Bath: Massaging the painful area with hot water bottle or heating pad increases the blood flow and circulation to the uterus, which helps reduce the effect of chemicals that cause menstrual cramps. A hot sitz bath can also be used to get relief from menstrual pain.

Massaging with creams or oils that have deep heating action is one of the best home remedies for menstrual pain. The abdomen can also be warmed by drinking hot liquids, such as clear soups, broths or herbal teas.

III) Cold Packs: Some women find a cold pack to be more effective than hot bath in relieving menstrual pain. Cold pack helps constrict blood vessels, which provides relief from the cramps. Ice pack prepared by putting ice in a zipped plastic bag and covering it with a towel can be placed on the abdomen for 15 to 20 minutes.

IV) Food rich in Calcium:Several independent researches have shown that women who consumed about 1,200 mg of calcium per day or more witness a reduction in their menstrual pain. Calcium helps maintain normal muscle tone. Muscles rules that lack calcium tend to become hyperactive which causes menstrual cramps. Thus calcium provides a great relief from menstrual pain.

Calcium also helps in reducing water retention and improving mood.

On an average, women are recommended a minimum daily intake 800 mg of Calcium which equates to about three cups of milk.

The normal staple diet is naturally deficient in Calcium. A glass of skimmed milk or a cup of yoghurt provides approximately 300 mg of calcium. Taking food naturally rich in calcium is effective in treatment of menstrual pain.

V) Food rich in Magnesium: Magnesium increases the absorption of calcium from the body and thus helps in reducing menstrual pain. Food rich in magnesium include beans, whole grains such as buckwheat, salmon, shrimp, tofu, vegetables and nuts.

VI) Unripe Papaya: Papaya is a very effective home remedy for menstrual cramps during menstrual cycle. Eating unripe papaya around a woman’s menstrual cycle is very effective preventive measure against menstrual pain.

VII) Sesame seeds: Sesame seeds are amongst the best home remedies for menstrual pain and cramps. Sesame seeds help in keeping the blood flow regular and reduce the possibility of cramps during the menstrual cycle. Taking sesame seeds soaked in water or eating a handful of the seeds are very helpful in menstrual problems. For best results one can eat the seeds at least two or three days before the menstrual cycle starts.

VIII) Parsley: Parsley is also very effective in getting relief from menstrual pain. Parsley also regulates irregular menstrual cycle. A juice made from parsley can be taken twice a day during periods to prevent excessive menstrual pain. Parsley tea can alternative be used during periods.

IX) Ginger: Ginger is one of the best and most effective home remedy for menstrual pain. Ginger tea can relieve menstrual cramps. Ginger must be pounded and boiled in water for a few minutes; this infusion can be sweetened with sugar or honey to make it more palatable and effective. This should be taken thrice daily after meals for relief from painful menstruation and to stop menstrual flow.

X) Indian Spikenard: Indian spikenard is one of the best and most effective home remedies for menstrual problems like dysmenorrhoea – which is very painful and difficult menstruation.

XI) Basil leaves: Basil leaves are an excellent home remedy for menstrual problems. Using these leaves can help in getting relief from cramps. Basil leaves can be had in raw form or can be added in tea or as a spice in the food. It can also be added in water and drunk for relief from menstrual pain.

XII) Coriander seeds: Coriander seeds have vital anti inflammatory and other useful properties that makes it very effective in reducing menstrual pain and correcting irregular menstrual cycle. A handful of seeds should be boiled in water till very little water remains and this should then be strained and this can be taken twice daily and can be taken when warm for better results.

XIII) Crampbark(Botanical name: Viburnumopulus) Cramp bark is one of the oldest and best home remedies for treating menstrual pain. Cramp Bark helps alleviate severe cramping that causes nausea, vomiting, chills and sweating.

XIV) Asafoetida: Asafoetida mix with butter and honey or cooked asafoetida is effective when menstrual pain is caused due to excessive menstruation.

XV) Black cohosh: Black cohosh is a very widely used herb to relieve menstrual pain. The herb can be taken as raw plant or its root cab be dried or exracted for internal use. The presribed dosage is 20-40 mg twice daily and continued till menstrual pain continues. This herb should NOT be taken during pregnancy as it can cause heart trouble for the infant.

XVI) Other herbs: Decoction made by mixing one or all of the following ingredients is effective in addressing variety of menstrual problems: wood apple, marigold, rough chaff, mango bark, blue cohosh, banana flowers, hermal, chicory, tenner’s cassia, lemon grass, bengal gram and blood wort. Their intake during menstrual period or days before the start of the menstrual cycle is effective in treatment of menstrual pain and irregular menstrual cycle.

XVII) Pills:In case of intense menstrual pain, pills can be taken under advice of your doctor. Ibuprofen, which is very effective inhibitors of prostaglandin, is generally prescribed in such cases. In some cases Naproxen is also prescribed. However consult your doctor before taking any pills.

Diet

A diet regimen comprising of the following nutrients is recommended as home remedy for menstrual pain.

Omega 3: Take liberal amount of fatty fish ( salmon, sardines, mackerel,herring), oil of flaxseed and hemp seeds, which are important sources of omega-3.

Mineral rich: Diet should be rich in vitamins and minerals like calcium and magnesium. These micro-nutrients are essential for the metabolism of prostaglandins and their absence results in production of excessive prostaglandins which results in menstrual pain.

Water Consumption: Drink enough water to keep the body hydrated and to regulate the menstrual flow.

Fiber rich food: Constipation is a very common complaint associated with monthly cycles. Add extra fiber to your diet during periods to keep your digestive system in order.

Foods to avoid

Sugar: Reduce consumption of refined sugars as it produces insulin which results in production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.

Vegetable fats: Eat less vegetable fats and margarine, as they result in formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which is the main cause of menstrual pain.

Red meats: Red meats are rich in arachidonic acid, which stimulates production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.

Other foods to avoid: Avoid tea, alcohol and caffeinated foods (caffeine is a strict NO) which might worsen the condition. Avoid white flour products and tinned foods.

Salt for obese women: Women who tend to retain water during their periods must limit sodium intake. Salty snacks like chips and cheese can make you feel bloated.

 Massage With Essential Oils for Pain Relief

Using certain aromatic essential oils and massage can also relieve menstrual cramp pain, according to a study published in May 2012 in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. Investigators assigned 48 women with menstrual cramps and other symptoms to massage either essential oils or a synthetic fragrance on their lower abdomen. The women used a mixture of diluted essential oils from the end of one period to the beginning of the next. Lavender, clary sage, and marjoram were used in a 2-1-1 ratio, and the essential oils were diluted to a 3 percent concentration overall in an unscented cream (a solution created, for example, by adding 3 milliliters (ml) of essential oils to 97 ml of an unscented cream). 

Women in both groups reported less pain, but the essential oils group did better. Based on the women's reports, researchers found that the duration of pain was reduced from 2.4 to 1.8 days after self-massaging with essential.

Lean on Your Contraceptive

The odds are that your birth control pills may help relieve painful cramps, as reported in a Cochrane review of 10 studies that was published in October 2009. Experts didn’t find any difference between low- or medium-dose estrogen contraceptives in producing pain relief for period cramps. But oral contraceptives come with side effects for some, which may include spotting, breast tenderness, nausea, and low sex drive — in addition to a higher risk of blood cloth.

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Other recommendations

Researches have shown that anxiety triggers release of adrenaline and cortisol which increase pain and discomfort during menstrual cycle.

Indulge a little in creative pursuits to keep yourself away from thinking of cramps. A positive bent of mind triggers release of several vital hormones which help relief from pain and other menstrual discomforts.

Try to incorporate practices such as massage, yoga or meditation into your lifestyle.

Exercise should be a regular part of daily activity. Gentle massage and relaxing techniques like acupuncture are also helpful in treating menstrual pain.

If the pain continue to create discomfort every month, despite the home remedies you try, consider discussing the matter with your doctor.

Its time to consult a doctor if,

• Cramps are so intense that it prevent you from conducting your normal activities.
• Cramps are accompanied by nausea, headache, diarrhea and vomiting.
• Its bleeding profusely or you pass clots for more than a day.
• If cramps occur suddenly in adulthood.
• If menstrual discharge is accompanied by intensified menorrhagia ( excessive menstruation)
• If menstrual pain is preceded or accompanied by fever.
• If menstrual pain is preceded or accompanied by abnormal vaginal discharge.